Chapter 7 : Evaluations: What's Judged // Inference to Identify Implied Main Ideas

Chapter 7 : Inference to Identify Implied Main Ideas





Evaluations What's Judged:

Evaluations make judgments about worth on the basis of standards that may be conscious or unconscious. It can help us react quickly to situation where our survival is a stake. Evaluations are not facts. Factual reports keep the distinction between facts and evaluations clear.
Propaganda employs many sophisticated manipulative techniques of persuasion. One of these is the use of hidden evaluations. A critical thinker knows how to recognize and detach from the influence of propaganda.
Connotative words convey evaluations that can be used to sway our opinions. When we think critical.

Chapter 6: Finding Supporting Details

It is very important to locate the main idea and the major supporting details in a reading assignment are the foundation of college reading. the authors use details to help reads understand the supporting details. As privacy stated, major supporting details provide support for the main idea of a reading. They are commonly presented in the form of examples illustrations, explanations, definitions, facts of opinions. they typically answer who, what, when, how, and why? Minor supporting details are intended to clarify and enhance the major supporting details and are not usually considered as important, However some of them are significant and useful It is important to prioritize details.
Once you identify the main ideas of on your reading material, you can divide the rest of the material into two categories major and main supporting details. If you are able to distinguish between the major and main supporting details, in you reading materials, it means oh have understood what you have reading.

Chapter 5: Assumption

Chapter 5 Assumption

Assumption is a pre-existing belief. Part of your belief system. Something you don't question. Your mind takes for granted that your assumption is true.

For Example
1)It would be wise to assume that the lady walking the streets of the Tenderloin at night should be unsafe.

2)If I walk toward you with my hand out and smiling, you'll probably infer that I intend to shake your hand.

Assumptions may also sprout from experiences such as, every time I walk passed by my neighbors' house their dog barks, so from then on I know when I go passed their front yard I am going to hear a barking dog.
Assumption and Inference are deeply intertwined: our assumptions come from our belief and our inference comes from our assumptions. This is the basics of how human nature comes up with logical reasoning.

Your assumption of my intent is based on similar experiences from your past.

Those past events formed your belief about such situations.

Chapter4 : Managing your reading time

Chapter4.

Time is not the only criteria used in judging reading efficiency in college. It is not even the most important one. Efficient reading can be defined as being able to read and comprehend textbook material in an appropriate amount of time for you.

Deciding what an appropriate amount of time is for you depends on many factors. It is related to how much time you actually have available to read for each course, the level of difficulty of the textbook material, and the grade you want to earn in a course.

How to manage your reading is more important than learning how to read rapidly. Always make comprehension your primary goal: reading efficiently the first time through is often faster. If you make speed your priority, you may finish more quickly, but understand less. As a result, you may have to reread material before a test in order to understand and remember it, which is time-consuming.

Track your reading rates so you can create daily reading plans that set realistic goals for your classes each week. After using a study schedule and daily reading plans for several weeks, you will find that you begin to complete your reading assignments on time. Your reading comprehension will also improve, and you may even read a little faster. The reading tips suggested in this chapter that will contribute to your becoming a more efficient reader are: reading quickly when appropriate, skimming, regressing or rereading, sub vocalizing, pacing.

Chapter 4 : Inference

Chapter 4 Inference

Inference thinking is natural to humans, if someone walks up to us with a gun in their hand we are going to assume they mean us harm. Inference is a way of gathering information, due to other things that may give to the ultimate finding. It is important to remember that inference is not factual. Just because one may infer something is going to happen, it may not happen at all, the exact opposite might happen.

Chapter 3: Memory

Memory
In Memory, our brain works as storage information so that you can recall information. Sensory memory is the storage of information which requires 5 senses in order for the brain to work. Through observation messages are being transmitted to the brain which is able to start recalling the events or happenings within our surroundings.

Short term memory is the ability for our brain to only recall information for a short period of time. Chunking is useful for short term memory because it forces the brain to remember groups of things instead of individual element to make the information easier to recall.

Long term memory is the ability for our brain to recall information for a long period of time. information can't be stored in long term memory if it hasn't gone through sensory and short term memory. Rote learning is the action of memorizing thing without understanding and doesn't help to store information in long term memory. Matrix on the other hand helps you recall information by understanding the data.

Chapter 3. Fact : What's Reals?

In critical thinking we must evaluate all parts of a situation before coming to a final conclusion. We must observe all that surrounds our argument otherwise how can one come to an educated conclusion?
You must not only look for facts that are present but also facts that are not there, narrowing down what is true from false. When taking observation you must know the difference between a reliable observation and an unreliable observation. It is also important while collecting all this data to not allow it to sway your judgment because it is an ongoing process, keep an open mind until you have the full picture in front of you.

Chapter Quiz
(Page 94-95)

1. Some facts can be determined by measurements.
True
2. Some facts can be confirmed by the senses, others by records.
False
3. The most reliable facts are those that have been repeatedly confirmed by test over time.
True
4. Facts often consist of obvious details that are seen but not consciously recognized.
True
5. Sometimes what we clam to be fact are untrue because the human perceptions used to determine them are limited and fallible.
True
6. A person educated in critical thinking qualifies statements to reflect probabilities such as it appears that...
True
7. Often it is hard to make a decision because we do not have enough facts.
True
8. The study of many subjects consists of memorizing facts.
True
9. All newspapers can be depended upon as reliable sources of facts about world events.
False
10. An atmosphere that permits disagreements about widely accepted perceptions and belief helps critical thinking to flourish.
True

Chapter2 : Word Precision : How do I describe it?

Chapter2. Word Precision

In order to share our experiences with others through writing, we need to give much thought to our choice of words. This chapter takes a close look at that process of translation. Clear thinking depends on a clear understanding of words we use. Words confusion leads to less consciousness, or disequilibrium, which can only be restored through word clarification. This chapter have explain are on finding the right word, how well do you use your dictionary?, clear thinking depends on clear word definitions, what makes a definition?, kinds of definitions, the connotations of words, the importance of defining key ideas, word concepts, what is critical reading. We use is an essential preliminary to genuine communication.

Chapter2 : Developing Your College Vocabulary

Chapter2.
Summery
Building vocabulary is one of the most significant impacts on student Achievement, by expanding your vocabulary, you increase your understanding
in knowledge. In addition you will increase your ability to speak and write well- to communicate effectively. You also express your ability to speak and write freely. Enhancing you vocabulary allows you to communicate effectively.
Reading is an important way to learn new words and in rich your vocabulary in
Daily life, by writing a journal on regular basis you will improve, building
Your vocabulary significantly.

Chapter 1 : Observation Skills

Those of you who discovered something new from these exercises learned because you observed in its true sense of staying awake and closely attentive.
Observation is a process of sensing, perceiving, and thinking. Careful observation can help us see details that contain the key to unlocking problems or arriving at insights. It also help us discover new knowledge. It also requires us to stay awake, take out time, given full attention, suspend thinking in an attitude of listening.
Therefore you became aware of details, which a sweeping glance would have missed, in your subjects that revealed significance about the whole.
Observation is a process of sensing, perceiving, and thinking. Sensing is collecting data through the sense organs. Perceiving is holding sense data in consciousness until we can categorize and interpret it. The rewards of cultivating observation skills are self-understanding, creativity, rapture power, and wonder.

Thinking for Yourself Chapter 1 Quiz Page 38~39
1. FALSE Observation skills are learned mainly through book learning. Support for Answers. On the contrary, observation is learned from participation, which is more active and spontaneous than reading. Samuel Scudder learned observing through the active coaching of his teacher Agassiz as well as from his own efforts, curiosity, and persistence in studying his fish.

2. TRUE The standard academic study of all the physical sciences requires observation skills, whether in the field or laboratory.
3. TRUE In thinking, the correctness of our conclusions usually depends on the clarity of our perceptions. 

4. TRUE Observation skills can be extended to observing how you observe. 

5. TRUE An insight is an experience of understanding that can occur spontaneously after we observe something intently for a while. One illustration of this experience is the story of Archimedes, who, while in his bath, discovered the means of measuring the value of an irregular solid by the displacement of water.

6. FALSE Agassize was simply too busy to give his student all the assistance he needed.
7. TRUE Perception and sensation are synonyms.
8. TRUE It is difficult to feel sensation and to think at the same time. If we want to feel whether a pair of new shoes fits properly, we have to pay attention.

9. TRUE Assimilation, according to Piaget, is an experience of easily understanding something that readily fits into our preexisting schemes or world view.

10. FALSE The word thinking, according to the dictionary, has only one meaning.

Where do I stand